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Baby-Led Weaning 分
主動斷奶，讓4個月-半歲的寶寶學會吃東西：baby-led weaning讀書筆記及翻譯
劉腕兒
給我親愛的Pheonix的小禮物。寫給她的奶奶看，Pheonix要開始吃東西了:) 送給那個每次見我都看著我，對我笑，香香軟軟，從不哭鬧的最懂事漂亮的寶寶。
同時也分享給每個媽媽，希望你們能正確地引導寶寶斷奶+學習吃東西。
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What is baby-led weaning?
Baby-led weaning is a way of introducing solid foods that allows babies to feed
themselves - there’s no spoon feeding and no purées. The baby sits with the
family at mealtimes and joins in when she is ready, feeding herself first with her
fingers and later with cutlery.
什麼是「寶寶主動進食」？
「寶寶主動進食」就是讓寶寶自己學會吃固體的食物，而不再用勺子去喂他們、讓他們吃湯羹果泥。在家人一起吃飯的時候，寶寶應和家人坐在一起吃飯，這樣當寶寶準備好時，就可以隨時加入家人一起進餐：起初可能她只會用手指抓食，隨後她便能慢慢學會使用餐具。
Baby-led weaning:
「寶寶主動進食法」的優點：
* allows babies to explore taste, texture, color and smell
* encourages independence and confidence
* helps to develop their hand-eye coordination and chewing skills
* makes picky eating and mealtime battles less likely
All healthy babies can begin to feed themselves from about six months. They just need to be given the opportunity.
•讓寶寶去探索食物的味道、質地、顏色和氣味。
•增加寶寶的獨立性，增加孩子的自信心。
•有助提高孩子的「手眼協調「能力和咀嚼能力。
•減少「挑食」發生的可能性；同時減少需要引逗孩子，他們才勉強願意吃東西的情況。
所有健康的寶寶從六個月起就有主動進食固體食物的能力，家長要給予他們足夠的信任與機會。
Why baby-led weaning makes sense
「寶寶主動進食法」的科學原理：
Baby-led weaning is based on the way babies develop in their first year.
Babies』 immune and digestive systems aren』t ready for other foods until they are about six months old - breastmilk or formula is all healthy babies need until then. At six months, a baby is able to sit upright, pick up pieces of food, take them to her mouth and chew them - in other words, she can feed herself. In the past, when babies were started on solid foods at three or four months, they had to be given purées because they were too young to feed themselves. If you』ve waited until your baby is six months to introduce solid foods you』ve skipped the purée stage, so there’s no need to start that way.
「寶寶主動進食」之所以行得通，是基於孩子出生後第一年身體發育的狀況。
寶寶6個月之前，他們的免疫系統、消化系統都還沒有為吃除了母乳及配方奶粉外的食物做好準備。但當寶寶6個月時，他們便能夠坐直起來，用手拿起小塊的食物，送入嘴裡咀嚼。也就是說，從這時起，他們便有了主動進食的能力。從前，孩子在3到4個月便開始吃蔬菜泥、果泥，此時，他們還沒有能力吃固體的食物。但是，當孩子長到6個月左右，她便已經具備了直接吃固體食物的能力，也就是說他不需要從吃蔬菜泥、果泥開始，而可以直接進入吃固體食物的階段。
How do we get started?
* Sit your baby in a highchair. Make sure she is steady and can use her hands and arms freely.
* Offer your baby food, rather than give it to her - put it in front of her, or let her take it from your hand, so that the decision is hers.
* Start with foods that are easy to pick up - thick sticks or long strips are best at first. Offer only a few pieces at food at one time, do not give her a whole plate of food, it will overwhelm her.
* Remember babies don』t need teeth to chew, she can eat many foods using just her gums
* Try to eat your meal at the same time as your baby so she can copy you and feel she is joining the family meal.
* Carry on giving formula feeds - this is still your baby’s main source of nutrition until she is a year old.
* Offer your baby water with her meals so she can drink if she needs to.
* Don』t hurry your baby or distract her while she is handling food - allow her to concentrate and take her time.
* Expect some mess! Don』t get stressed about dropped food or a dirty face or hands. Remember she’s learning. Babies love dropping things on the floor!
* Keep it enjoyable – for all of you. Make sure that meal times are always relaxed and enjoyable and you will encourage your baby to explore and experiment at her own speed. If you do this, she will have a positive attitude about trying new foods and she will always look forward to meal times.
* Remember it will probably take your baby around two months of playing and learning before she really starts grasping her food and swallowing it smoothly. That is normal.
「寶寶主動進食」從何入手？
•讓寶寶坐在嬰兒椅上，確保他坐得穩，手和胳膊十分自由。
•為你的孩子準備食物：不是把食物塞給他們，而是把食物放在他們面前，或者放在自己手裡，
讓他們主動去拿。
•在選擇食物時，先從「容易手握」的食物開始。比如先提供棒狀、條狀的食物。同時，每次只需給孩子少數幾樣食物，否則他們突然見到一大盤各種各樣的食物，容易迷惑。
•記住，寶寶不是用牙齒咀嚼的，她們用牙齦已經能磨碎很多東西了。
•家庭一起吃飯時，儘量讓寶寶也參與，和家人一起吃飯。這樣他便能學習大人進餐的方法，同時也有助培養他們的家庭觀。
•奶粉還是要喝的。儘管寶寶開始進食固體，在一歲之前，奶粉還是他們主要的營養來源。
•在為寶寶提供食物的同時，也在旁邊放一小杯水，這樣他需要時便可以隨時喝水。
•在寶寶主動進食的過程中，不要催促或者讓他們分心。給他時間慢慢來，同時讓他集中精力。
•會很亂！做好心理準備。如果寶寶把食物掉在地上、把手和臉弄髒……請你也不要著急。她在慢慢地學習，況且寶寶喜歡把食物扔到地上！
•請您和孩子一同享受「寶寶主動進食」的過程。進餐時，請讓家裡的氣氛儘量輕鬆愉快。同時當寶寶進餐時，家長需要不斷鼓勵他們按照自己的速度、慢慢對食物進行探索和把玩。如果你這樣做，孩子們便會對嘗試新的食物持有積極的態度，同時她也會更加期待吃東西。
•記住，在寶寶開始能真正抓起食物、流暢地吞咽之前，他大概會對食物學習、把玩兩個月左右。這很正常，別著急。
Things NOT to do
* Don』t put food into your baby’s mouth for her or try to persuade her to eat more than she wants.
* Don』t give your baby food when she is hungry for a milk feed. Always give your baby her milk feed first, then her food meal about half an hour to one hour later. She should not be very hungry when she starts her food meal, otherwise she will more likely get frustrated.
* Don』t expect your baby to eat much food at first. She doesn』t suddenly need extra food just because she has reached six months. As she discovers that food tastes nice she will begin to chew, and later to swallow. Many babies eat very little for the first few months. Mealtimes at this age are for play and learning - she will still be getting all her nourishment from her milk feeds.
* Especially for the first two weeks, your baby will not swallow much food, this is totally normal. She may put food in her mouth and then it will drop out of her mouth because she has not yet learned how to move food from the front of her mouth to the back of her mouth. Let her take her time.
* Resist the urge to stare at your baby for her entire meal or give her pressure to eat more quickly.
* Resist the urge to constantly wipe her face and hands during her meal. Let her play and be messy. Clean her up after the meal is finished, which may be 40 minutes after she starts!
* Do not worry about giving your baby meals at the same time each day, or even every day. Some days your baby may not be interested in food at all. She will start eating meals regularly, every day after a few months.
* Do NOT say 「duo chi yidian」 EVER!!! Trust your baby knows how much she wants to eat (even if it’s very little or nothing). Trust her to know her own appetite. Do not give her pressure
about how much to eat, or how quickly to eat.
請不要做以下的事情！
•不要把食物送進寶寶的嘴裡，不要試圖在她不想吃時勸她多吃點。
•在寶寶該喝奶時，不要再給他們吃固體的食物。永遠先讓孩子吃飽奶，吃完奶半個小時到一個小時後，再開始讓她吃固體食物。在寶寶開始吃固體食物時，他們不應感到餓，否則他們會非常難受焦灼。
•不要期望寶寶一開始就能吃很多東西。在他六個月大時，他們並不是一夜之間就需要增加食物攝取。只有當他們發現食物的味道很好時，便開始咀嚼，而後自然而然地吞咽。很多寶寶在起初幾個月都吃得很少。「吃飯」在他們這個年紀更多意味著「玩」和「學習」，寶寶主要的營養來源仍舊是奶粉。
•尤其在起初兩個星期，寶寶不會咽下很多食物，這很正常。她會把食物放進嘴裡，嚼幾下，然後吐出來。因為此時她還沒有完全學會如何用舌頭把食物從嘴挪到食道。你要給她時間，讓她慢慢來。
•請克制自己，不要在寶寶進食的過程中一直盯著她，或者給她壓力催她吃得再快一點！
•請不要每當她弄髒手、臉時就立刻去擦。讓她自己慢慢玩，亂一點也沒關係。在她吃完了以後再去清理，每次她大約要吃40分鐘。
•不用每天在某個固定的時段讓寶寶進食。有時孩子可能並不想吃東西，不用每天都讓她吃。培養幾個月之後，她便自然可以每天規律性地進食了。
•千萬不要跟她說「多吃一點」！請信任你的寶寶，她了解自己想吃多少，即使只想吃一點，或者一點都不想吃，也沒關係。不要給她壓力，不要管她吃多少，更不要催促她。
What are the main points of BLW?
The biggest component of BLW is in its name, baby led. This means the parent does not feed the child, the child feeds themselves from the start. Parents offer table foods in manageable pieces and the child gets to explore and eventually eat. You will often hear the word 「offer」 in discussing BLW instead of 「feed」.
「寶寶主動進食」的關鍵是什麼？
「寶寶主動進食」的關鍵在於「主動」。也就是說，父母不要去喂孩子，反而是讓孩子開始自己喂自己吃東西。父母只要準備大小適當的食物，孩子便可以開始嘗試，最終學會主動進食。所以在「寶寶主動進食」法中，我們從不說「喂」，而是為孩子「準備」食物。
What’s wrong with spoon feeding?
The problem many have when they go the puree route is that when a baby eats pureed food they swallow, not chew. Then when they are given food with more texture they can』t handle it because they want to just swallow it. Another reason is that the baby is not in control. They can』t decide how much to eat or how fast to eat it. This inhibits their ability to sense when to stop because they are full.
「用勺子喂孩子」有什麼不好？
當孩子們吃果泥、蔬菜泥時，他們只會「吞咽」，而不「咀嚼」。所以當孩子們開始吃更成形的食物時，他們便開始不知所措，因為他們只會「吞咽」而不會「咀嚼」。
同時，在孩子「被喂」時，他們並沒有主動權。他們無法控制自己吃多少、吃多快。這讓阻礙了他們形成「飽感」的發育。
Is my baby getting all the nutrition they need?
From birth to 6 months, all a baby needs is breast milk or formula. After 6 months, very gradually your baby will start needing more from food. Between 6 and 9 months their milk intake should remain mostly the same. After that, baby may choose to decrease milk feeds, but the main source of nutrition should still be breast milk or formula for the first year. Remember to let the baby have as many milk feeds as they need.
我的寶寶營養全面嗎？
在孩子六個月大之前，他們所需的營養都能從母乳或者奶粉中獲得。6個月之後，寶寶開始逐漸增加從食物中獲得營養的需求。在6-9個月之間，他們對奶的需求保持不變。9個月之後，便可以逐漸減少吃奶，但他們主要的營養仍需從奶中獲得，直到一歲左右。記住，讓寶寶吃足夠的奶，因為奶還是寶寶主要的營養來源。
What should I expect in the first few months of BLW and how should I begin?
When you begin BLW, it is all about exploration. Remember, the baby has never seen, tasted, or smelled foods before so it may take them some time. In letting them explore, you are teaching them that they are free to take their time to understand and practice and you will not rush them or try to do it for them. They are learning that mealtime is an enjoyable time, not a stressful time.
Since babies of 6 months use their whole hand to pick up food, offer it in about 2 inch sticks. Soft fruits or vegetables can be offered raw; most vegetables will need to be cooked. Make them soft enough for them to bite, but not so soft that they will fall apart. If your baby rejects a certain food, it doesn』t mean they will never like it. Offer it again another time.
「寶寶主動進食」最初幾個月會有怎樣的成效？該如何開始？
在「寶寶主動進食」的開始階段，你要做好不懈探索、調整的準備。記住，寶寶從前從沒有見過、嘗過或聞過食物，所以他們會需要一些時間來適應。在他們探索與熟悉食物的過程中，你也要讓你的寶寶知道，他們盡可以花多一點時間去嘗試、熟悉和練習，而你並不會去催促他們，或者為他們代勞。他們在這樣的過程中也將明白，吃東西是個十分享受的過程，而不應是充滿壓力的。
因為6個月大的寶寶便能夠用他們的整隻手來抓食物，因此準備的食物棒應在5厘米長左右（1inch=25.4mm）. 質地較軟的水果或蔬菜可以生著給寶寶吃，但多數蔬菜需要煮熟後再給寶寶。食物需要足夠軟，這樣寶寶才能咬動；但也不能太軟，不然容易斷掉。如果你的寶寶拒絕吃某種事物，這並不意味著他們永遠不會再對這種食物提起興趣，反而今後你可以再把這種食物給他試試看。
Won』t my baby choke? The difference between choking and gagging
Ah, the most popular question! Many people get unnecessarily scared away from offering solids to their baby because they don』t understand the difference between choking and gagging. Most likely there will be some gagging. It is a normal and natural part of learning to eat. When a baby is gagging they make coughing noises and may lean forward and spit the food out. It is the baby’s way of protecting their airway from pieces of foods that are too large. If your baby is gagging, try not to intervene. Let them cough up the food by themselves. It is a learning experience. Most times they are not bothered by it at all and will happily continue eating!
Choking is when the baby’s airway is blocked. Your baby will not be able to make any sounds or coughs, her face may turn red or blue. Choking is rare. If you put your baby in a leaning back position or put food in their mouth for them, the choking risk is increased. The best thing to do is never leave your baby unattended and take an infant CPR class so you feel prepared.
Whether your baby is choking or gagging, it is important to remember not to put your fingers in your child’s mouth. It can push the food farther down and cause the blockage to be even more severe.
我的寶寶會不會被嗆到？「嗆著」和「噎著」的分別。
這是最常見的問題！很多人害怕為寶寶提供固體食物，因為他們不清楚「嗆著」和「噎著」的分別。 「噎著」是非常常見且經常發生的，並且它是學習吃東西的過程中十分正常且自然的一部分。當寶寶被噎著時，他們會咳嗽、身體前傾，然後把食物吐出來。這是寶寶免於氣管被大塊食物阻塞所產生的反應。如果你的寶寶噎著了，請不要前去干擾，讓他們自己把食物咳出來。這是他們學習進食的過程。多數時候寶寶並不會在意被噎著，而後又能再次開始愉快地進食。
「嗆著」是指寶寶的氣管被堵住了。這時他們不能再發出任何聲音、咳嗽。他們的臉會變紅，甚至發紫。「嗆著」十分少見。但如果你讓寶寶背向後傾靠著坐，或者把食物塞進他們嘴裡，「嗆著」的危險便增加了。最好的方法是，永遠不讓讓你的寶寶在沒有大人看管的情況下吃東西，並且請參加嬰兒心臟復甦術培訓，以防萬一。
What size should I offer the food?
When beginning, offer food in slices, sticks, or large pieces. Babies of this age use their whole hand to pick up food. They use the bottom to hold on to the food and munch on the top. Once your baby develops their pincer grasp, you can begin offering smaller pieces.
該提供給寶寶多大的食物？
起初，給寶寶片狀、棒狀或者大的塊狀的食物。寶寶在這個階段，需要用整隻手掌抓食物。他們會抓住食物的底部，然後嚼食頂端。當你的寶寶學會用手指拿東西以後，你便可以給他們小一點的食物了。
What do I do at mealtime?
Just relax! Eat your meal and model appropriate eating. Treat your baby like they are part of the family meal. Remember not to stress! Remember not to force your baby to finish a certain amount. They could eat a ton or none and either would be ok. Don』t try to 「help」 them by putting food into their mouth!
吃飯時間我該怎樣做？
放鬆！按常規吃飯，同時用正確的進食方法為寶寶做榜樣。把寶寶當作飯桌上的一員一樣對待她。記住千萬別緊張！記住千萬不要強迫寶寶必須吃掉多少多少的食物！他們想吃多少就吃多少，都沒關係。千萬不要「幫」他們把食物送進嘴裡！
When should I offer meals?
Start with a meal every few days. Skipping a day here and there is fine. As you feel your baby is ready you can begin to slowly offer meals more often. Remember make sure that your baby is still getting sufficient milk feeds.
我該什麼時候給寶寶吃東西？
一開始，每隔幾天讓寶寶吃一次東西。即使不天天吃也沒關係。當你感覺寶寶已經漸漸習慣了吃東西，你便可以開始更加頻繁地給他食物。記住，同時一定要確保讓寶寶吃足夠的奶。
What are good starter foods?
Many people start with avocado slices, banana, or cooked sweet potato sticks. For slippery foods, you can leave some of the peel on the bottom for them to hold onto.
起初給寶寶吃什麼食物比較好？
很多人一開始給寶寶吃牛油果片、香蕉，或者熟的紅薯棒。對於那些表面比較光滑的食物，你可以在底部留一些皮，以便寶寶用手抓取時不易脫落。
Why is there food in my baby’s diaper?
This is very, very common. Babies take a while to learn how to chew and eat food, and for their digestive systems to adjust. Many times you will find food in their poop- very similar looking to how it went in! Don't worry, it's completely normal.
為什麼寶寶的尿布里會有食物？
首先，這非常非常正常！寶寶要花一段時間才能學會如何咀嚼，同時讓他們自己的消化系統適應。有時你會在他們的尿布里發現完好無損的食物（寶寶邊吃邊把食物掉入衣服，再一路掉進尿布），別著急，這非常正常！
Good foods for baby
*steamed, boiled and roasted vegetables such as: sweet potato, broccoli, cauliflower, green beans, carrot, pumpkin, basically any vegetable is fine
*raw soft vegetables such as cucumber
*all kinds of fruits
*toasted bread
*cheese
*pasta
推薦食物：
•蒸、煮、烤過的蔬菜：紅薯，西蘭花，花菜，青豆，胡羅卜，南瓜，基本所有蔬菜都可以！
•生的質地較軟的蔬菜，比如黃瓜。
•各種水果
•烤麵包
•奶酪
•麵條
Foods to avoid
*Salt is bad for babies kidneys. Babies of less than a year should avoid salted foods
*Sugar and sweet foods have low nutritional value, can cause cavities and are best kept to a minimum
*Whole nuts are a choking hazard and should not be given to babies until they are around 3 years old
*Small round fruits like grapes and cherry tomatoes should always be cut in half to avoid baby choking
*Cow’s milk: babies under 1 year old cannot easily digest cow’s milk
*Juice should never be given unless diluted at least 50% so it is not too sweet
*Honey should never be given to babies under one year old due to a bacteria that can grow in honey
需要避免的食物
•鹽對寶寶的腎臟有損害！一歲以下的寶寶應避免吃任何含鹽的食物。
•糖和甜食營養價值很低，同時會造成蛀牙，所以請保持最低量給寶寶。
•整塊的堅果是容易引發「嗆著」的高危食物，在寶寶三歲之前都不要給他們吃。
•小的圓形的水果，比如葡萄和櫻桃，給寶寶吃時應該切成一半大小，不然也容易導致寶寶被「嗆著」。
•牛奶：1歲以下的寶寶還不能消化牛奶。
•果汁要至少稀釋50%後再給寶寶喝，不然太甜了。
•不要給1歲以下的寶寶吃蜂蜜，因為蜂蜜里有對寶寶有害的細菌